Carbon Compounds What You Should Know

Carbon compounds are chemical substances that contain carbon atoms bonded to any other element. There are more carbon compounds than for any other element except hydrogen. The majority of these molecules are organic carbon compounds (e.g., benzene, sucrose), although a large number of inorganic carbon compounds also exist (e.g., carbon dioxide). One important characteristic of carbon is catenation, which is the ability to form long chains or polymers. These chains may be linear or can form rings. Types of Chemical Bonds Formed by Carbon Carbon most often forms covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon forms nonpolar covalent bonds when it bonds to other carbon atoms and polar covalent bonds with nonmetals and metalloids. In some instances, carbon forms ionic bonds. An example is a bond between calcium and carbon in calcium carbide, CaC2. Carbon is usually tetravalent (oxidation state of 4 or -4). However, other oxidation states are known, including 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, and -3. Carbon has even been known to form six bonds, as in hexamethylbenzene. Although the two main ways to classify carbon compounds are as organic or inorganic, there are so many different compounds that they can be further subdivided. Carbon Allotropes Allotropes are different forms of an element. Technically, they are not compounds, although the structures are often called by that name. Important allotropes of carbon include amorphous carbon, diamond, graphite, graphene, and fullerenes. Other allotropes are known. Even though allotropes are all forms of the same element, they have vastly different properties from each other. Organic Compounds Organic compounds were once defined as any carbon compound formed exclusively by a living organism. Now many of these compounds can be synthesized in a lab or have been found distinct from organisms, so the definition has been revised (although not agreed upon). An organic compound must contain at least carbon. Most chemists agree hydrogen must also be present. Even so, the classification of some compounds is disputed. Major classes of organic compounds include (but are not limited to) carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Examples of organic compounds include benzene, toluene, sucrose, and heptane. Inorganic Compounds Inorganic compounds may be found in minerals and other natural sources or may be made in the lab. Examples include carbon oxides (CO and CO2), carbonates (e.g., CaCO3), oxalates (e.g., BaC2O4), carbon sulfides (e.g., carbon disulfide, CS2), carbon-nitrogen compounds (e.g., hydrogen cyanide, HCN), carbon halides, and carboranes. Organometallic Compounds Organometallic compounds contain at least one carbon-metal bond. Examples include tetraethyl lead, ferrocene, and Zeises salt. Carbon Alloys Several alloys contain carbon, including steel and cast iron. Pure metals may be smelted using coke, which causes them to also contain carbon. Examples include aluminum, chromium, and zinc. Names of Carbon Compounds Certain classes of compounds have names that indicate their composition: Carbides: Carbides are binary compounds formed by carbon and another element with a lower electronegativity. Examples include Al4C3, CaC2, SiC, TiC, WC.Carbon Halides: Carbon halides consist of carbon bonded to a halogen. Examples include carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and carbon tetraiodide (CI4).Carboranes: Carboranes are molecular clusters that contain both carbon and boron atoms. An example is H2C2B10H10. Properties of Carbon Compounds Carbon compounds share certain common characteristics: Most carbon compounds have low reactivity at ordinary temperature but may react vigorously when heat is applied. For example, cellulose in wood is stable at room temperature, yet burns when heated.As a consequence, organic carbon compounds are considered combustible and may be used as fuels. Examples include tar, plant matter, natural gas, oil, and coal. Following combustion, the residue is primarily elemental carbon.Many carbon compounds are nonpolar and exhibit low solubility in water. For this reason, water alone is not sufficient to remove oil or grease.Compounds of carbon and nitrogen often make good explosives. The bonds between the atoms may be unstable and likely to release considerable energy when broken.Compounds containing carbon and nitrogen typically have a distinct and unpleasant odor as liquids. The solid form may be odorless. An example is nylon, which smells until it polymerizes. Uses of Carbon Compounds The uses of carbon compounds are limitless. Life as we know it relies on carbon. Most products contain carbon, including plastics, alloys, and pigments. Fuels and foods are based on carbon.

Incarceration Cruel And Unregulated Punishment Essay

Incarceration: Cruel Unregulated Punishment Inmates held in the United State’s prison system face critical exposure to numerous violations of their basic human rights. Abuses of power present themselves in a myriad of ways, including; the unregulated approach in which prison facilities enforce solitary confinement, the misuse of â€Å"compassionate release† policies and the judicial system’s wrongful imprisonment of individuals suffering from mental illness and, or mental disability. In most cases, prisoners will experience at least one, if not all, of these disparaging interactions during incarceration. Without federal regulations demanding system accountability, the unjust applications of physical violence, non-lethal weaponry and and needless use of excessive force will continue to take place. Solitary confinement is an executed punishment that confines prisoners to individual Solitary Housing Units (SHU), without allowing access to anyone, or anything existing outside of their cell. In absence of standard national procedures, prisoners are subjected to solitary confinement for any given timetable; oftentimes, left alone to rot in a their rooms, for years. According to the United Nations, submitting any individual to more than sixteen hours of solitary is characterized as torture, due to the onset of debilitating psychological repercussions of administrative segregation. The article, The Effects of Solitary Confinement states that, â€Å"In terms of the prevalence of symptoms,

Sleep Apnea Devices Market Worth $19.72 Billion by 2017 Free Essays

The â€Å"Sleep Apnea Diagnostic Therapeutic Devices Market [Polysomnographs, Respiratory Polygraphs, Pulse Oximeters, CPAP, Masks, Adaptive Servo-Ventilation (ASV), Oral Appliances, Nasal EPAP, Neurostimulation] Global End-user Analysis, Competitive Landscape Forecast to 2017† analyzes and studies the major market drivers, restraints, and opportunities in North America, Europe, Asia, and Rest of the World. Browse 147 market data tables spread through 318 pagesand in-depth TOC of â€Å"Sleep Apnea Diagnostic Therapeutic Devices Market [Polysomnographs, Respiratory Polygraphs, Pulse Oximeters, CPAP, Masks, Adaptive Servo-Ventilation (ASV), Oral Appliances, Nasal EPAP, Neurostimulation] Global End-user Analysis, Competitive Landscape Forecast to 2017†. http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Apnea Devices Market Worth $19.72 Billion by 2017 or any similar topic only for you Order Now marketsandmarkets. com/Market-Reports/sleep-apnea-devices-market-719. html Early buyers will receive 10% customization on reports. This report studies the global sleep apnea devices market, with forecast to 2017. Sleep problems are touted as a ‘global epidemic’ and sleep apnea is a crucial contributor to this disorder. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea; around 84% of people with sleep apnea are diagnosed with the disease. Studies suggest that about 100 million people worldwide are suspected to have obstructive sleep apnea, of which more than 80% remain undiagnosed. Sleep apnea is a relatively new market in the medical field, gaining momentum at a fast pace, especially in developed geographies. The demand for sleep apnea devices is slated to increase at a faster pace, owing to gradually increasing awareness among both patients and the medical fraternity. The global sleep apnea devices market was valued at $7. 96 billion in the year 2011 and is expected to reach $19. 72 billion by the year 2017. North America was the largest sleep apnea devices market, followed by Europe and Asia. North America will continue to lead the sleep apnea device market in the next few years, followed by Europe. The Asian region’s contribution to the global sleep apnea device market is expected to pick up in the coming years, as the medical condition gets more recognition. The global sleep apnea devices market, which is broadly classified into Diagnostic Devices and Therapeutic Devices, is witnessing high competitive intensity. Segment rivalry is high, as there are a few well-established firms and several small firms with similar product offerings. The market is dominated by Philips Respironics and ResMed, Inc. , which jointly comprise 70% of the market. Fisher and Paykel Healthcare, CareFusion Corporation, Natus Medical Incorporated, DeVilbiss Healthcare, Weinmann Medical Devices, etc. are some of the other prominent players in the global sleep apnea devices market. How to cite Sleep Apnea Devices Market Worth $19.72 Billion by 2017, Papers

Westernization free essay sample

This article is about the influence of Western culture. For the eye surgery, see Epicanthoplasty. [hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2010) This article has an unclear citation style. (November 2011) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (November 2011) The neutrality of this article is disputed. (November 2011) An example of Westernization: Meiji period, Japan, Prince Yorihito Higashifushimi in typical Western naval dress uniform with white gloves, epaulettes, medals and hat Similarity with US General John C. Batess uniform. Westernization or Westernisation (see spelling differences), also occidentalization or occidentalisation (from the Occident, meaning the Western world; see occident in the dictionary), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and values. Westernization has been a pervasive and accelerating influence across the world in the last few centuries, with some thinkers assuming westernization to be the equivalent of modernization,[2] a way of thought that is often debated. The overall process of westernization is often two-sided in that Western influences and interests themselves are joined with parts of the affected society, at minimum, to change towards a more Westernized society, in the hope of attaining Western life or some aspects of it. To assume, however, Western societies are not affected or changed by this process and interaction with non-Western groups is misleading. Westernization can also be related to acculturation and enculturation. Acculturation is the process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between cultural groups and their individual members. [3] After contact, changes in cultural patterns are evident within one or both cultures. Specific to westernization and the non-Western culture, foreign societies tend to adopt changes in their own social systems relative to Western ideology, lifestyle, and physical appearance, along with numerous other aspects, and shifts in culture patterns can be seen to take root as a community becomes acculturated to Western customs and characteristics – in other words, westernized. The phenomenon of westernization does not follow any one specific pattern across societies as the degree of adaption and fusion with Western customs will occur at varying magnitudes within different communities. Specifically, the extent to which domination, destruction, resistance, survival, adaptation or modification affect a native culture may differ following inter-ethnic contact. In a situation where a native culture experiences destruction as a result of a more powerful outside force, a shock phase can often result from the encounter. Such a phase is especially characteristic during expansionist or colonialist eras. During a shock phase, repression using military force may lead to a cultural collapse or ethnocide, a culture’s physical extinction. According to Conrad Phillip Kottak, the Westerners will attempt to remake the native culture within their own image, ignoring the fact that the models of culture that they have created are inappropriate for settings outside of Western civilisation,[5] just one representation of the possibly harmful effects of Westernization. Contents 1 Definition of the West 1. 1 Territorial 1. 2 Different views 1. 2. 1 Samuel P. Huntington and Westernization 1. 2. 2 Edward Said and Westernization 1. 3 Personal Process of Westernization 2. 1 Colonisation (1492–1960s) 2. 1. 1 Europeanisation 2. 1. 2 Westernization in Asia 2. 2 Globalization (1960s–present) 3 Consequences 4 Examples of Westernizing Leaders 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Definition of the West Main article: Western world Territorial The West was originally defined as the Western world. Ancient Romans distinguished between Oriental (Eastern, or Asian) cultures that inhabited present-day Egypt and Occidental cultu res that lived in the West. A thousand years later, the East-West Schism separated the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church from each other. The definition of Western changed as the West was influenced by and spread to other nations. Islamic and Byzantine scholars added to the Western canon when their stores of Greek and Roman literature jump-started the Renaissance. Although Russia converted to Christianity in 10th century, the West expanded to include it fully when Peter the Great deeply reformed the countrys government, the church and modernised the society thanks to the ideas brought from the Netherlands. Today, most modern uses of the term refer to the societies in the West and their close genealogical, linguistic, and philosophical descendants, typically included are those countries whose ethnic identity and dominant culture are derived from European culture. However, though sharing in similar historical background, it would be incorrect to regard the Western world as a monolithic bloc, as many cultural, linguistic, religious, political, and economical differences exist between Western countries and populations. Western civilisation is commonly said to include Northern America (U.S. A. and Canada), Europe (at least the European Union, EFTA countries, European microstates), Australia and New Zealand. The definition is often widened, and can include these countries, or a combination of these countries: European countries outside of the EU and EFTA Due to mainly their membership in the Council of Europe, the European Neighbourhood Policy, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and other organisations, these countries are included in the definition of the West. They also share general European culture with countries forming of EU. Latin America. Some countries in Latin America are considered Western countries, largely because most of its peoples are racially descended from Europeans (Spanish and Portuguese settlers and later immigration from other European nations). And thus their society operates in a highly Westernized way. Indeed, most countries in Latin America use their official language, either in Spanish or Portuguese. According to the CIA -The World Factbook-, there has also been considerable immigration to Latin America from European nations other than Spain and Portugal, (For example, from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, etc. See Immigration to Argentina, Immigration to Chile or Immigration to Brazil. ). [7] Turkey. Although geographically only 3% of Turkey lies in Europe, Turkey has a similar economic system, has a customs union with the European Union in addition to being an official candidate for membership, and is a member of typical Western organisations such as OECD, Council of Europe, and NATO. It is usually a member of European organisations for sports and cultural events such as UEFA and the Eurovision Song Contest. Israel. Although geographically Israel is located in the Middle East south of Lebanon, Israel had many Jewish immigrants who were from Western countries like the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France and Germany. It is a member of the OECD. It is usually a member of European organisations for sports and cultural events such as UEFA and the Eurovision Song Contest. According to Sammy Smooha, a professor emeritus of sociology at Haifa University, Israel is described as a â€Å"hybrid,† a modern and developed â€Å"semi-Western† state. With the passage of time, he acknowledged, Israel will become †more and more Western. † But as a result of the ongoing Arab-Israeli dispute, full Westernization will be a slow process in Israel. [9] Lebanon. Although geographically Lebanon is located in the Middle East north of Israel, Lebanon has almost 40% Christians who are heavily influenced both culturally and socially by Western countries (particularly France with whom they share historical ties dating as early as the Crusaders state of County of Tripoli founded by Raymond IV of Toulouse that encompassed most of present day Lebanon. The French legacy within the whole Lebanese society is the widespread fluent knowledge of the French language). Western influence brought in by the countrys Christians spread to the rest of its population, making todays Lebanon a unique blend of East and West. Lebanons comparatively progressive society and the culture and features of metropolitan Beirut, known as Paris of the Middle East,[10] are a testament to its westernization. It is usually a member of European organisations for cultural events such as the Eurovision Song Contest. [11] South Africa. Due to the high influence of European culture in places like South Africa, it could be said that the country is Western or has achieved Westernization. Moreover, White South Africans of European origin make up about 9% of South Africa. Another 9% are of mixed race. Unlike Black South Africans whove maintained their own native languages, most mixed South Africans speak Afrikaans as a first language. Likewise, most Indian South Africans speak English natively today. Therefore, it can be argued that this collective 20% of native English and Afrikaans speakers (both European-derived) live in heavily Western influenced cultures. Similarly, whites and coloureds are over 10% of Namibia. They primarily speak Afrikaans and German as a first language. In addition to that, many Black South Africans and Namibians speak European languages, e. g. Afrikaans and English, fluently and are also considered speakers of those languages. [citation needed] Widening the definition may cause controversies. Different views Samuel P. Huntington and Westernization In contrast to territorial delineation, others, like the American political scientist Samuel P. Huntington (see The Clash of Civilizations), consider what is Western based on religious affiliation, such as deeming the majority-Orthodox Christian part of Europe and North America the West, and creating 6 other civilizations, including Latin America, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox, to organize the rest of the globe. [12] Edward Said and Westernization In Orientalism Edward Said views Westernization as it occurred in the process of colonization, an exercise of essentializing a â€Å"subject race† in order to more effectively dominate them. Said references Arthur Balfour, the British Prime Minister from 1902-1905, who regarded the rise of nationalism in Egypt in the late 19th century as counterproductive to a â€Å"benevolent† system of occupational rule. Balfour frames his argument in favor of continued rule over the Egyptian people by appealing to England’s great â€Å"understanding† of Egypt’s civilization and purporting that England’s cultural strengths complimented and made them natural superiors to Egypt’s racial deficiencies. Regarding this claim, Said says, â€Å"Knowledge to Balfour means surveying a civilization from its origins to its prime to its decline—and of course, it means being able to The object of such knowledge is inherently vulnerable to scrutiny; this object is a ‘fact’ which, if it develops, changes, or otherwise transforms itself [the civilization] nevertheless is fundamentally, even ontologically stable. To have such knowledge of such a thing is to dominate it. The act of claiming coherent knowledge of a society in effect objectifies and others it into marginalization, making people who are classified into that race as â€Å"almost everywhere nearly the same. † Said also argues that this relationship to the â€Å"inferior† races, in fact, works to also fortify and make coherent what is meant by â€Å"the West†; if â€Å"The Oriental is irrational, depraved (fallen), childlike, â€Å"different † then â€Å" the European is rational, virtuous, mature, normal. Thus, â€Å"the West† acts as a construction in the similar way as does â€Å"the Orient†Ã¢â‚¬â€it is a created notion to justify a particular set of power relations, in this case the colonization and rule of a foreign country. Personal A different view on the Western world is not defining it by its territory, but by its people group, as these tend to differ in an increasingly globalised world. This view highlights the non-Western population i n countries with a Western majority, or vice versa. The Boers for instance can be regarded as Western inhabitants of South Africa. Process of Westernization King Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan attempted to Westernize his country in the 1920s, but tribal revolts caused his abdication Colonisation (1492–1960s) Main article: Colonialism Europeanisation From 1492 onward, Europeanisation and colonialism spread gradually over much of the world and controlled different regions during this five centuries long period, colonising or subjecting the majority of the globe. The two World Wars weakened the European powers to such extent that many colonies strove for independence, often inspired by nationalistic movements. A period of decolonisation started. At the end of the 1960s, most colonies were autonomous. Those new states often adopted some aspects of Western politics such as the adoption of a constitution, while frequently reacting against Western culture. [citation needed] Westernization in Asia General reactions to Westernization can include fundamentalism, protectionism or embrace to varying degrees. Countries such as Korea and China attempted to adopt a system of isolationism but have ultimately juxtaposed parts of Western culture into their own, often adding original and unique social influences, as exemplified by the introduction of over 1,300 locations of the traditionally Western fast-food chain McDonalds into China. 13] Specific to Taiwan, the industry of bridal photography (see Photography in Taiwan) has been significantly influenced by the Western idea of love. As examined by author Bonnie Adrian, Taiwanese bridal photos of today provide a strike contrast to past accepted norms, contemporary couples often displaying great physical affection and, at times, placed in typically Western settings to augment the modernity, in comparison to the historically prominent relationship, often stoic and distant, exhibited between bride and groom. 14] Though Western concepts may have initially played a role in creating this cultural shift in Taiwan, the market and desire for bridal photography has not continued without adjustments and social modifications to this Western notion. In Japan, the Netherlands continued to play a key role in transmitting Western know-how to the Japanese from the 17th century to the mid-19th century, as the Japanese had opened their doors only to Dutch merchants before US Navy Captain, Commodore Perry’s visit in 1852. After Commodore Perrys visit, Japan began to deliberately accept Western culture to the point of hiring Westerners to teach Western customs and traditions to the Japanese starting in the Meiji era. Many Japanese politicians have since also encouraged the Westernization of Japan using the term Datsu-A Ron, which means the argument for leaving Asia or Good-bye Asia. In Datsu-A Ron, Westernization was described as an unavoidable but fruitful change. After Japans surrender to the USA and its llies ended World War II, the Westernization process of Japanese culture was further intensified and today, Japan is notably among the most Westernized countries in Asia. [citation needed] However, in contrast, despite many advances in industrial efficiency, Japan has managed to sustain a culture of strict social hierarchy and limited individualisation. [15] Furthermore, Irans attempt to westernize, which was dictated by the Shah, was partly responsible for the Iranian Revolution. Globalization (1960 s–present) Westernization is often regarded as a part of the ongoing process of globalization. This theory proposes that Western thought has led to globalisation, and that globalisation propagates Western culture, leading to a cycle of Westernization. On top of largely Western government systems such as democracy and constitution, many Western technologies and customs like music, clothing and cars have been introduced across various parts of the world and copied and created in traditionally non-Western countries like Japan, China, India, etc. The main characteristics are economic and political (free trade) democratisation, combined with the spread of an individualised culture. Often it was regarded as opposite to the worldwide influence of Communism. After the break-up of the USSR in late 1991, many of its component states and allies nevertheless underwent Westernization, including privatization of hitherto state-controlled industry. With debates still going on, the question of whether globalization can be characterized as Westernization can be seen in various aspects. Globalization is happening in various aspects, ranging from economics, politics and even to food or culture. Westernization, to some schools, is seen as a form of globalization that leads the world to be similar with Western powers. Being globalized means taking positive aspects of the world, but globalization also brings about the debate about being Westernized. Democracy, fast foods, American pop-culture can all be examples that are considered as Westernization of the world. Consequences Due to the colonisation of the Americas and Oceania by Europeans, the cultural, ethnic and linguistic make-up of the Americas and Oceania has been changed. This is most visible in settler colonies such as the United States f America, Argentina, Australia, Chile and New Zealand, where the traditional indigenous population has been predominantly replaced demographically by non-indigenous settlers. This demographic takeover in settler countries has often resulted in the linguistic, social, and cultural marginalisation of indigenous people. However, even in countries where large populations of indigenous people remain or the indigenous peoples have mixed (mestizo) considerably with European settlers, such as Bolivia, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Ecuador, marginalisation still exists. But continued immigration to eventual white majority regions like Costa Rica made these cultures have a castizo or a more Europeanized-mestizo background. [citation needed] Due to colonisation and European immigration, the prevalent native languages in the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, Northern Asia and part of South Africa and Central Asia, are now usually European languages or creoles based on them: English (United States and Canada without French-speaking Quebec) English Australia and New Zealand or English along with English-based creole languages (Jamaica and most of the West Indies, Guyana). French (Quebec, New Brunswick and parts of Ontario in Canada and Saint Pierre and Miquelon); French along with French-based creole languages (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint-Barthelemy). Spanish (Hispanic America, although in Paraguay most people are bilingual with Guarani and there are more Guarani speakers than Spanish speakers). Portuguese (Brazil). Russian (Northern Asia and parts of Central Asia). Dutch along with creole languages (Suriname, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles). Afrikaans along with English (parts of South Africa). Many indigenous languages are on the verge of becoming extinct. However, some settler countries have gone to lengths to preserve indigenous languages, for example, in New Zealand the Maori language is one of three official languages, the others being English and New Zealand sign language. Examples of Westernizing Leaders Emperor Meiji Peter The Great Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Guangxu Emperor Sun Yat-sen Deng Xiaoping Mikhail Gorbachev Reza Shah Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Emperor Gojong See also Acculturation Africanisation is the modification of names to better reflect an African identity. Americanisation is the influence the United States of America has on other cultures. Anglicisation is the process of making something English. Anti-Americanism represents a hostility towards the government, culture, or people of the U. S. A. Anti-globalisation Arabisation transforms an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. Colonial mentality Colonialism Colonisation Colourism Creolisation Cultural assimilation Cultural cringe (Cultural Alienation) Cultural diversity Cultural genocide Cultural identity Cultural imperialism Culture of Europe Romanisation, the spread of Roman culture and language. Culture of the United States Datsu-A Ron Democratic peace theory is a theory which holds that democracies (almost) never go to war with one another. Democratisation de-Russification is a process in the post-Soviet countries to reverse the process of Russification. Diseases of affluence are diseases thought to be a result of increasing wealth. Enculturation Ethnocide Europeanisation can either mean the process of transforming a society into a more European society or the process of growth towards a European identity in Europe. Francisation is the process of giving a French character to something or someone. Germanisation is defined as either the spread of the German language and culture, or the adaptation of a word to the German language. Gharbzadegi Globalisation/Mundialisation Hellenisation, the spread of Greek culture and language. Intercultural competence Islamisation the process of a societys conversion to Islam. Japanisation is the process in which Japanese culture dominates, assimilates, or influences other cultures. Kicking Away the Ladder Korenisation or Korenizatsiya was the early Soviet ethnicity policy. Language shift Magyarisation or Magyarization is spreading the Hungarian language and culture in general. McDonaldization Melting pot Modernization Multiculturalism Non-Westernized concepts of male sexuality as opposed to Westernized concept of sexual orientations North-South divide is the socio-economic division which exists between the wealthy developed North and the poorer developing South Paper Bag Party Passing (racial identity) Polonisation is the assumption or assimilation of the Polish language or another Polish attribute. Race Racialism (Racial categorization) Racism Latinisation is a system for representing a word or language with the Latin alphabet, or the traditions of the Latin Rite into Eastern Catholic Church Liturgies and practices. Romanianization is the process of giving Romanian attributes to something non-Romanian. Russification is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute by non-Russian communities. Sinicisation is the process in which Chinese culture dominates or influences other cultures. Slovakisation is the policies of Czechoslovakia then Slovakia against the ethnic Hungarians there.

The Rise Reign And Fall Of Medieval Towns Essays - Feudalism

The Rise Reign and Fall of Medieval Towns Before the rise of Medieval towns and somewhat during the reign the was a political and social system called feudalism. In this system which had three classes. The lowest class which was also the largest of them all was made of serfs. These serfs worked the land for their vassal. The vassal in return provided shelter for the serfs but also food and shelter for the lord as well as military service. The lord paid dues to the king. During much of the time the king had little power or control over the land largely because lords had a more powerful army. The majority of the land was on a manorial system. This was a socio-econaomic system which regulated land holding and production of food. The land was divided among the lord, vassals, serfs,and the church. The serfs worked all the land and got little of the food and often were treated poorly. There was also a class called villeins that worked the land but were free to leave if they could find someone to replace them. These people later developed into the merchant or middle class. The main fall of this system was the rise of absolute monarchs. They took power from the lords and thus nearlly ended the system of feudalism. With the fall of feudalism and the rise of the middle class trade between towns increased and between them. Due to this fact there was an increase in the demand for goods and services. Guilds were set up in order to establish control over a profession. They did this by setting standards of workmanship and price. They proteced the buissness from competion and gained status in society for guild members. In order to become a guild member a young man first had to become an apprentice to a master guildsman or legally bound to work for a certain amount of time in exchange for instruction in a specific trade. After the apprentice completed his master work and showed it to his instructor, if the work was satisfactory the young man could either set up his own shop in another town or become a member of the guild in his town. There was only one guild of a certain profession allowed in one town which elliminated competion. When the black death struck many people were killed. The black death was a plauge caused by fleas on rats that caused the victim to turn darkish color when the victim died. In an attempt to to ward off the black death people hung oranges with cloves stuck in the from their ceiling and door way. Many diseases were spread during this period because most people rarely bathed and there was no refridgeration. There was little to no medical help and evan a small cut could become infected and kill you. Medieval literature was mainly about chivalry( A system of ethical ideas which had virtues such as piety, honor, valor, courtesy, chastity, and knighthood). There was an increase in universities but they were mainly reserved for the rich so the majority of people remained illeterate. The Protastant Reformation shatterd the medieval unity of christianity. It began as a reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church, The reformation ultimately led to freedom of dissent. The movement of reformation and protastanism still comtinues today. The emphaisis on personal responsiblity and individual freedom as well as the influence in breaking the hold of the church upon every day life is proof of this.

Comparative Colonization in Asia

Comparative Colonization in Asia Several different Western European powers established colonies in Asia during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Each of the imperial powers had its own style of administration, and colonial officers from the different nations also displayed various attitudes towards their imperial subjects. Great Britain The British Empire was the largest in the world prior to World War II and included a number of places in Asia. Those territories include what is now Oman, Yemen, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka (Ceylon), the Maldives, Singapore, Malaysia (Malaya), Brunei, Sarawak and North Borneo (now part of Indonesia), Papua New Guinea, and Hong Kong. The crown jewel of all of Britains overseas possessions around the world, of course, was India. British colonial officers and British colonists, in general, saw themselves as exemplars of fair play, and in theory, at least, all of the crowns subjects were supposed to be equal before the law, regardless of their race, religion, or ethnicity. Nonetheless, British colonials held themselves apart from local people more than other Europeans did, hiring locals as domestic help, but rarely intermarrying with them. In part, this may have been due to a transfer of British ideas about the separation of classes to their overseas colonies. The British took a paternalistic view of their colonial subjects, feeling a duty - the white mans burden, as Rudyard Kipling put it - to Christianize and civilize the peoples of Asia, Africa, and the New World. In Asia, the story goes, Britain built roads, railways, and governments, and acquired a national obsession with tea. This veneer of gentility and humanitarianism quickly crumbled, however, if a subjugated people rose up. Britain ruthlessly put down the Indian Revolt of 1857 and brutally tortured accused participants in Kenyas Mau Mau Rebellion (1952 - 1960). When famine struck Bengal in 1943, Winston Churchills government not only did nothing to feed Bengalis, it actually turned down food aid from the US and Canada meant for India. France Although France sought an extensive colonial empire in Asia, its defeat in the Napoleonic Wars left it with just a handful of Asian territories. Those included the 20th-century mandates of Lebanon and Syria, and more especially the key colony of French Indochina - what is now Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. French attitudes about colonial subjects were, in some ways, quite different from those of their British rivals.  Some idealistic French sought not just to dominate their colonial holdings, but to create a Greater France in which all French subjects around the world truly would be equal. For example, the North African colony of Algeria became a department, or a province, of France, complete with parliamentary representation. This difference in attitude may be due to Frances embrace of Enlightenment thinking, and to the French Revolution, which had broken down some of the class barriers that still ordered society in Britain. Nonetheless, French colonizers also felt the white mans burden of bringing so-called civilization and Christianity to barbaric subject peoples. On a personal level, French colonials were more apt than the British to marry local women and create a cultural fusion in their colonial societies.  Some French racial theorists such as Gustave Le Bon and Arthur Gobineau, however, decried this tendency as a corruption of Frenchmens innate genetic superiority. As time went on, social pressure increased for French colonials to preserve the purity of the French race. In French Indochina, unlike Algeria, the colonial rulers did not establish large settlements. French Indochina was an economic colony, meant to produce a profit for the home country. Despite the lack of settlers to protect, however, France was quick to jump into a bloody war with the Vietnamese when they resisted a French return after World War II. Today, small Catholic communities, a fondness for baguettes and croissants, and some pretty colonial architecture are all that remains of visible French influence in Southeast Asia. The Netherlands The Dutch competed and fought for control of the Indian Ocean trade routes and spice production with the British, through their respective East India Companies. In the end, the Netherlands lost Sri Lanka to the British, and in 1662, lost Taiwan (Formosa) to the Chinese, but retained control over most of the rich spice islands that now make up Indonesia. For the Dutch, this colonial enterprise was all about money. There was a very little pretense of cultural improvement or Christianization of the heathens - the Dutch wanted profits, plain and simple.  As a result, they showed no qualms about ruthlessly capturing locals and using them as slave labor on the plantations, or even carrying out a massacre of all the inhabitants of the Banda Islands to protect their monopoly on the nutmeg and mace trade. Portugal After Vasco da Gama rounded the southern end of Africa in 1497, Portugal became the first European power to gain sea access to Asia. Although the Portuguese were quick to explore and lay claim to various coastal parts of India, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and China, its power faded in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the British, Dutch, and French were able to push Portugal out of most of its Asian claims. By the 20th century, what remained was Goa, on the southwest coast of India; East Timor; and the southern Chinese port at Macau. Although Portugal was not the most intimidating European imperial power, it had the most staying power. Goa remained Portuguese until India annexed it by force in 1961; Macau was Portuguese until 1999 when the Europeans finally handed it back to China, and East Timor or Timor-Leste formally became independent only in 2002.   Portuguese rule in Asia was by turns ruthless (as when they began capturing Chinese children to sell into slavery in Portugal), lackadaisical, and underfunded. Like the French, Portuguese colonists were not opposed to mixing with local peoples and creating creole populations. Perhaps the most important characteristic of the Portuguese imperial attitude, however, was Portugals stubbornness and refusal to withdraw, even after the other imperial powers had closed up shop. Portuguese imperialism was driven by a sincere desire to spread Catholicism and make tons of money. It was also inspired by nationalism; originally, a desire to prove the countrys might as it came out from under Moorish rule, and in later centuries, the proud insistence on holding onto the colonies as an emblem of past imperial glory.

The World of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The World of Ethics - Essay Example 3. The Euthyphro dilemma is the dilemma found in the Plato’s dialogue known as the Euthyphro. In this dialogue, Plato asks Euthyphro whether gods love good actions (pious) because they are good, or is it that the good actions are good because they are loved by the gods (The Internet Classics Archive, web). This dilemma presents a real challenge to the divine command theory of ethics. This is because the divine command theory is based on the notions that morally good actions are the actions that are commanded by God, and the morally wrong actions are the actions that are against the command of God. 4. As a theory of ethics, moral relativism holds that the morality of human actions depends on the individual person giving the moral verdict; in other words, moral relativism holds that ethics is purely subjective and there is no universal standard of judging the morality of human actions. Moral relativism differs with the other theories of ethics that we have studied so far because all the other theories of ethics that we have studied are based on the idea that there is a universal moral standard or criterion of judging the morality of human actions. 7. The principle of double effect states that in some intricate moral dilemmas, one is permitted to perform an action that has at least one good and one bad effect if, and only if the following conditions are fulfilled. (a) The action, unlike its consequence, is not morally wrong, (b) The bad effect is not intended by the moral agent, and lastly (d) the bad effect is not â€Å"out of proportion† with the good effect. The principle of double effect allows the follower of natural law to resolve moral conflicts through choosing actions that are consistent with the natural law; the principle of double effect ensures that there is consistency in the application of natural law in resolving moral conflicts. 8. One of the objections to act utilitarianism is that it is

Cross-Cultural Management - Looking Into Intercultural Teams Essay

Cross-Cultural Management - Looking Into Intercultural Teams - Essay Example Based on a past research by Kabasakal and Bodur, some cultures are characterized by a strong slant towards collectivism and both societal and organizational levels. It may perhaps be useful for the multinational company to initially analyze the culture to which they would assign managers in terms of power distance, masculinity, human orientation, achievement, and future orientation. It may also look into the business culture’s commitment and sense of duty to the organization, respect for managerial hierarchy, type of leadership, and other ethical norms. Armed with such knowledge, multi-cultural managers can definitely influence the expectations of its multi-cultural managers and help in their adjustment to the new work environment. The research of Mendenhall and Oddou indicate that adjustment to the cross-cultural facets of a global assignment requires three distinct personal abilities, as follows: 1) the capacity to sustain a valued sense of self; 2) the ability to associate to host nationals; 3) the ability to intellectually appreciate the belief systems that underpin behaviours in the host country. If multi-cultural managers will be oriented with these traits, it would have been easier for them to adjust because their expectations were more effectively managed. If they possessed such traits, it would have been more probable for them to adjust easily in their offshore assignment. The multinational company is obliged to help select those individuals with these ideal traits for expatriation assignments.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31

Economics - Essay Example This creates a surplus or supply excess as the demand for the product is low, so consumers do not have to compete for the product. Because of the fact that the product is not in high demand, and competition between consumers is low, the prices will be lowered in order to make the product more attractive to consumers. 2. Inflation affects people’s standard of living and savings in a rather negative way. Inflation is basically a term which indicates an increase in the price of goods and services. In general, inflation occurs within a market as a whole, so the entire economy tends to be impacted. Peoples standard of living is severely affected because their money does not go as far as it once did. This is especially true in an economy with high unemployment and no cost of living increases for their income. Therefore, as prices grow higher, people have to stretch their dollar for daily necessities such as groceries, water, electricity, etc. Therefore, many families have to forgo certain things that are deemed to be luxuries in order to survive, which lowers their daily standard of life. According to an article entitled, â€Å"Consequences of Inflation,† savings are affected because â€Å"inflation leads to a rise in the general price level so that money loses its value†(Riley). This means that the money in a person’s bank account is worth less due to inflation. In addition, inflation â€Å"lead(s) to negative real interest rates†(Riley). So, if a person has their money in a bank account that is supposed to gain interest, they are actually going to be losing money as the interest rates are negative. 3. A stock is defined as a security or assurance for an individual or business that allows a person or company to have a certain percentage of ownership in the profits or assets of a specific product, business, or company. The benefits associated with purchasing

Managerial Implications Of The Research Marketing Essay

Managerial Implications Of The Research Marketing Essay 8.3 Managerial Implications of the Research The research observed the trends of consumer liking and its implications for the Indian banks. The findings of the dissertation have a number ofmanagerialimplications for customer relationship management by banksthat contribute to liking. The banks can make their marketing strategies on the basis of results the research as it highlight the significant factors which influence customers liking. Significantly, a number of managerial implications come from this research but two major areas are customer education and problem management. The   customer education that banks should incorporate into their relationship marketing practice as educating customers has an direct impact on liking. Banks should also try to promote customer involvement in the education process (Prahalad and Ramaswamy, 2000).   The education process can be made more effective by understanding the main gaps in a clients knowledge. Burton (2002), suggests that as the level of understanding increases, customers will only have to be provided with the information required. This will eliminate the need for in-depth educational discussions.   Such knowledge would lead to a more accurate judgment, which will result in better advice being offered to the client. The second is problem management that bank management should resolve and also to enhance job satisfaction level of employees.   The increase in job satisfaction positively affects customer satisfaction as well as service quality that contribute in liking.   Problem management was found not dealt well by the Indian banks for both customers and employees. This finding suggests that service organizations need to develop strategies, specific to customer needs. It makes them more involved with the customer in finding out the solution.   Colgate and Norris, (2001) state service organizations, have very little guidance, when dealing with dissatisfied customers. The management can develop improved strategies for dealing with customers problems by applying a deeper understanding of how customers affective commitment changes their attitude towards the organization. By establishing good relationship with customers, banks can increase their profits (Ndubisi et al., 2007). Bejou et al. (1996) suggest the quality of the relationship between the customer and service-provider is an important pre-requisite to a successful long-term relationship. Ndubisi et al. (2007) point out that, to guarantee quality in relationships, banks must give and keep promises and allow customer participation. They must understand the needs of the customers and then accordingly customise their products and services. As the dissertation highlights the significance of trust and commitment in acquiring and keeping loyal customers, the banks should try to earn customers trust and commitment. Banks can earn customers trust and build quality relationships with them through proactive and reactive ways of handling conflicts, namely: solving conflicts before they are apparent; discussing the customers problems; and avoiding potential conflicts (Ndubisi et al., 2007). There are a lot of advantages linked with customer loyalty, including profitability (Ndubisi, 2003) and cost reduction. Customer loyalty increases profits and can reduce the business operating cost five to sixfold (Rosenberg and Czepiel, 1983). Loyal customers also attract new customers by positive word of mouth about a service provider (Ndubisi, 2003). In view of the above, banks should conduct extensive research to develop and implement programs that strengthen the emotional attachment between the customer and the bank.   The market research is used to understand the nature of a customers emotional bond to a company (Rust et al., 2000).

The Differences between Hypertext and the Printed Page :: Art Painting Language Essays

The Differences between Hypertext and the Printed Page Two painters, alone in the night, fervently work on their objets d’art. One, concerned with borders and lines, and the obviousness of it all, creates on her canvas a network of lines, circles, and primary colors. The other, thinking more about the medium (or rather the way she can master the colors and images), whimsically lets her hands wander on the surface, combining hues and smudging shapes. As the sun peaks its head over the hillside, each artist will have created her own oeuvre. Networks of lines and shapes, blurred lines and indistinguishable endings, like the paintings, hypertext has achieved that same structure. The goal of hypertext, it would seem, is to create works of increasing abstraction so that the way in which we relate to a written work gradually moves away from its informational content to the object, in and of itself. The transition is, by far, not an easy one. The academy is fraught with controversy over the obscurity of the hypertext medium. Lando w, in his section of Hyper/Text/Theory entitled â€Å"What’s a Critic to Do?,† attempts to reconcile the differences between hypertext and the printed page—differences that are as blatant, yet as subtle, as those between an abstract painting and an impressionist painting. The blurred edges of hypertext are represented by the concept of seemingly indistinguishable authorship. The author function becomes less significant as hypertext modes of textuality allow for a cacophony of voices to be included in each work. In contrast to the read-only versions of hypertext (those which cannot be annotated or amended), networked textuality allows for greater flexibility. The particular importance of networked textuality—that is, textuality written, stored, and read on a computer network—appears when technology transforms readers into reader-authors or â€Å"wreaders,† because any contribution, any change in the web created by one reader, quickly becomes available to other readers. This ability to write within a particular web in turn transforms comments from private notes, such as one takes in margins of ones’ own copy of a text, into public statements than, especially within educational settings, have powerfully democratizing effects (Landow 14). Hypertextual liberation comes from the shift from an expressive author who bears his or her soul in writing, to a community of voices who individually shape the text.